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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other proteins and form complexes to carry out their functions. Many proteins interact with multiple other proteins creating a complex network of protein interactions.
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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Cell-death networks.

Hamid Kashkar1, Manolis Pasparakis2

  • 1University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Molecular Immunology, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster for Aging and Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.

Molecular Cell
|October 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell death pathways are interconnected, not rigidly defined. The availability of key molecules, not just initial signals, determines the cell death outcome, impacting disease therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Molecular mechanisms of cell death

Background:

  • Cell death occurs via genetically regulated pathways with distinct tissue outcomes.
  • Traditional classification of cell death is rigid.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the interconnectedness of cell death pathways.
  • To understand how molecular availability influences cell death modes.
  • To highlight implications for therapeutic targeting in diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of emerging evidence on cell death pathways.
  • Analysis of molecular interconnections between pathways.
  • Investigation of terminal executioners and substrates in cell death.

Main Results:

  • Cell death pathways are molecularly interconnected.
  • The mode of cell death depends on both apical signals and terminal executioner/substrate availability.
  • Traditional classifications are challenged by this interconnectedness.

Conclusions:

  • Cell death is a more dynamic and interconnected process than previously thought.
  • Understanding these connections is crucial for developing effective disease therapies.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting cell death need to consider molecular availability.