Peach diseases in a changing climate: Pathogens, resistance, and sustainable solutions

Peach (Prunus persica) is a globally significant fruit crop, valued for its nutritional benefits and economic importance. However, its cultivation is impacted by diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens, leading to substantial pre- and post-harvest losses. Climate change exacerbates these challenges by altering pathogen behavior, host susceptibility, and disease dynamics. This review synthesizes current knowledge on major peach pathogens including brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa), bacterial diseases like bacterial spot (Xanthomonas arboricola), and viral threats, including peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd), their resistance mechanisms, and sustainable management strategies under changing climatic conditions. We highlight the role of genetic and induced resistance, alongside modern breeding techniques, in developing climate-resilient peach varieties capable of withstanding biotic and abiotic stresses. Additionally, we discussed integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, emphasizing cultural practices, biological control, and targeted chemical control to minimize environmental impact. By critically comparing existing reviews, this work underscores its novelty in linking climate-driven disease risks with resistance deployment and digital agriculture. Future research should prioritize elucidating pathogen adaptation mechanisms, identifying and functionally characterizing novel resistance genes, and integrating advanced biotechnological and digital tools for early disease detection and precision management. This review provides a critical strategic framework for researchers, growers, and policymakers aimed at enhancing orchard resilience and ensuring sustainable peach production.