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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel
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Post-traumatic Nerve Issues Around the Elbow.

Kanad Ghosh1, Jeffrey G Stepan2

  • 1Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 6035, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Hand Clinics
|October 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prompt diagnosis and management of elbow nerve injuries after trauma or surgery are vital for preserving arm function. Early exploration may be needed for severe injuries, while others are monitored with exams and electrodiagnostic tests.

Keywords:
ElbowInjuryNerveTraumaUlnar

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Neurology
  • Trauma Care

Background:

  • Nerve injuries around the elbow are frequent complications of upper extremity trauma and surgical procedures.
  • Timely diagnosis and management are essential for maintaining upper extremity function and preventing long-term disability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the comprehensive workup and management strategies for nerve injuries occurring about the elbow.
  • To emphasize the importance of early identification and treatment of high-grade nerve injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Initial assessment involves a detailed patient history and physical examination.
  • Imaging studies are utilized to detect associated bony or vascular injuries.
  • Electrodiagnostic tests are employed for longitudinal monitoring of nerve recovery.

Main Results:

  • Patients with neurological deficits near bony fixation sites or imaging evidence of high-grade nerve injury may require early surgical exploration.
  • Observation with serial examinations and electrodiagnostic testing is appropriate for other cases.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach combining clinical evaluation, imaging, and electrodiagnostics is crucial for managing elbow nerve injuries.
  • Tailored treatment strategies, including early exploration or conservative monitoring, optimize functional outcomes.