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Bio-inspired Polydopamine Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds and Its Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles

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Functionalized Fluorescent Nanodiamonds with Millisecond Spin Relaxation Times.

Mina Barzegaramiriolya^1,2, Erin S Grant^3,4, Trent Ralph³

¹Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.

|October 17, 2025

Summary

Surface modifications like oxidation and silica coating significantly enhance the spin relaxation times (T1) of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs). This improvement is crucial for advancing biosensing and imaging applications.

Keywords:

T1 relaxometry fluorescent nanodiamonds nitrogen-vacancy center silica shell

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Quantum Sensing
Nanotechnology

Background:

Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects are vital for biological imaging and nanoscale sensing.
Surface spin noise on FNDs currently limits measurement precision in biosensing applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how chemical surface modifications and core-shell structures affect the T1 relaxation times of FNDs.
To engineer FND surfaces for improved performance in biosensing and imaging.

Main Methods:

Surface oxidation and silica coating (Stöber method) of 100 nm FNDs.
Measurement of T1 relaxation times before and after surface modification.
FT-IR and NEXAFS spectroscopy to analyze surface functional groups and carbon density.
Monte Carlo modeling to determine optimal shell thickness for chemical sensitivity.

Main Results:

Surface oxidation and silica coating dramatically increased T1 relaxation times from 320 ± 9 μs to 1.00 ± 0.06 ms.
Changes in surface functional groups and sp2 carbon density correlate with enhanced spin relaxation.
Monte Carlo simulations suggest a 1 nm shell thickness maximizes chemical sensitivity.

Conclusions:

Engineered FND surfaces can achieve bulk-like T1 relaxation times without complex quantum control.
These surface engineering strategies are critical for overcoming limitations in FND-based biosensing and imaging.
The study paves the way for more precise and sensitive nanoscale measurements.