The Development and Validation of Peace of Mind Scale for Older Pakistani Muslim Adults

The aim of the present study was the construction and validation of the peace of mind scale for older adults of the Pakistani Muslim population. This research comprised three different studies. Study one consisted of three phases. In Phase I of study I, an item pool through semi-structured interviews, literature review, and expert opinion was generated (inductively and deductively). In Phase II, a pilot study was done to check the suitability and relevancy of items. In Phase III, the final item pool was administered on the purposive sample of the general Muslim population both men (n = 165) and women (n = 148) above the age of 60 years (N = 313) to run an exploratory factor analysis. As a result of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), four-factor structures consisting of 21 items with a cumulative variance of 50.48 were obtained (α = .78). The four factors were named as religious domain (α = .89), political domain (α = .81), personal domain (α = .74), and family domain (α = .80). In study II, confirmatory factor analysis was run on the data of 200 samples to confirm the obtained four-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) resulted in an excellent model fit for the four-dimensional factor structure already obtained and established through EFA. In study III, the convergent validity of the scale was established on a separate independent sample (N = 120). Results yielded evidence of convergent validity as gratitude, and religiosity had a significant positive correlation with peace of mind in older adults, and smartphone addiction and rumination had a significant negative correlation with peace of mind in older adults. Moreover, the limitations, suggestions, and implications of the study were discussed.