IVF and pregnancy outcomes: the triumphs, challenges, and unanswered questions

In vitro fertilization (IVF) has become an integral component of reproductive medicine, providing a pathway to parenthood for infertile and sub-fertile couples. Currently, IVF accounts for approximately 2-5% of all births globally. Over the past decades, the field has witnessed substantial advancements, including changes in patient demographics, embryology techniques, pharmaceutical agents, and treatment protocols.

This review examines the evolution of IVF, focusing on technological innovations and shifting patient profiles, particularly the increasing number of older women undergoing treatment.

While technological and clinical innovations have enhanced IVF success rates and safety, they have also contributed to a broader patient population, including women with pre-existing medical conditions. These divergent trends-improved treatment efficacy alongside growing medical complexity-have reshaped the clinical and public health risk profiles associated with IVF.

Ongoing surveillance, comprehensive patient counseling, and appropriate regulatory oversight are essential to sustaining high-quality reproductive care in the context of a continually evolving IVF landscape.