Systems Sciences in Dentistry: A Critical Review

Despite substantial clinical progress under the biomedical paradigm, global oral disease burdens remain high, highlighting the need for integrated and context-sensitive models. This critical review examines how systems sciences can contribute to redefining dentistry's role within contemporary health systems. While systems thinking dates back nearly a century, its application to dental research and policy has expanded significantly in recent years. The objectives of this review are to assess the relevance of systems sciences in addressing current health challenges involving dentistry and to analyze how these approaches have informed dental science and practice to date. Based on a thematic analysis of the literature, the review identifies emerging conceptual frameworks, practical applications across multiple dental domains, and areas requiring further exploration. The review distinguishes between predictive approaches, such as simulation and modeling, and relational paradigms rooted in interdependence, context, and goal-oriented dynamics. It documents recent applications of these frameworks in public health, clinical planning, education, environmental strategy, and patient care. Three widely shared assumptions are finally revisited through systems sciences perspectives: the framing of "oral health" as an isolated individual outcome, the dichotomy between "prevention" and "treatment," and the notion that oral diseases are largely "preventable." While such assumptions may serve communication or policy purposes, they can obscure structural determinants and limit systemic integration of actions against the burden of oral diseases. Systems sciences provide methodological and conceptual tools to reposition dentistry as a contributor to broader health goals: reducing population-level treatment needs, improving access, and addressing upstream determinants of health. Rather than promoting technical growth alone, dental research should place greater emphasis on systemic approaches to ensure that available resources effectively serve population needs. As a scientific framework, systems sciences are not only compatible with these aims but are also essential to achieving them in a coherent, evidence-based, and socially relevant manner.