Application value and performance of stool antigen detection in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with various digestive disorders, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric cancer, posing significant risks to human health. Effective and timely detection of H. pylori is crucial for early intervention and prevention. This review aims to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of stool antigen detection and assess its clinical application value.

We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature focusing on studies that compared invasive and non-invasive diagnostic methods for H. pylori, with an emphasis on stool antigen tests. Data on diagnostic performance, including sensitivity, specificity, advantages, and limitations, were synthesized from recent clinical evaluations and meta-analyses.

Stool antigen detection demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivity and specificity often exceeding 90%, particularly when monoclonal antibody-based tests are used. It offers a non-invasive, cost-effective alternative to urea breath tests and is applicable across diverse populations, including children and the elderly. However, factors such as sample handling, antigen stability, and bacterial load can influence results.

Stool antigen testing is a reliable tool for the initial diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of H. pylori infection. Its high performance and practicality support its use in clinical practice, especially in settings where endoscopy or breath testing is less feasible. Further standardization and technological advances may enhance its utility in global screening programs.