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Water flow dynamics in bottom ash landfills.

Philipp Ingold1, Gisela Weibel1, Georg Kosakowski2

  • 1Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1+3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
|October 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Bottom ash landfill leachate transport is dominated by preferential flow paths during rain, but matrix flow prevails in dry periods. A drainage system is crucial for managing leachate discharge and understanding water movement in landfills.

Keywords:
Hydraulic modellingLandfill aftercareMunicipal solid waste incineration bottom ashPreferential flowUnsaturated flow

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Hydrogeology
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Understanding material reactivity and transport properties of bottom ash landfill leachate is critical for effective waste management.
  • Hydrological processes in landfills, particularly bottom ash landfills, are complex and influenced by factors like age and precipitation.
  • Existing models often need refinement to fully capture the dynamics of leachate flow, especially concerning preferential pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve a mechanistic understanding of material reactivity and transport properties in bottom ash landfill leachate.
  • To investigate hydrological processes, focusing on competitive solution supply from matrix flow and preferential transport paths.
  • To analyze the impact of varying landfill ages and heavy precipitation events on leachate transport.

Main Methods:

  • Field monitoring of hydrological processes across seven Swiss bottom ash landfills of varying ages.
  • Comparison of monitoring data with conceptual fluid flow models based on Richards Equation for a selected landfill.
  • Conducting multiple simulations to assess the effects of material properties and rainfall intensity on hydrogeochemical behavior.

Main Results:

  • Preferential flow paths significantly influence leachate discharge during precipitation events.
  • Matrix flow controls water flux during drier periods, indicating a dual-flow system.
  • A high flow-through drainage system is necessary to accurately model peak arrival times observed after heavy precipitation.

Conclusions:

  • Water transport in landfills is governed by three main pathways: matrix flow, preferential flow within the landfill body, and preferential flow along edge zones and drainage layers.
  • Surface ponding and low-permeability layers promote funnelled flow towards edge zones and drainage, allowing precipitation to bypass bottom ash.
  • Backflow processes after peak flow mobilize highly interacted porewater from the matrix zone, highlighting the importance of considering dynamic flow regimes.