Nanofibrillated cellulose-reinforced biopolymer nanocomposites for FDM 3D printing: From processing to biodegradation

Polymer nanocomposites have gained substantial attention in research due to their ability to rival conventional materials in diverse industrial applications. These materials offer a sustainable alternative, utilizing agricultural waste to develop eco-friendly composites. This study investigates nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) as a reinforcement within a polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB: polybutylene-co-adipate terephthalate, PBAT (PH:PB) biopolymer matrix, focusing on PH:PB blend with NFC loadings of 0.5 %, 1 %, and 2 %. The materials are combined and extruded into filaments for fused deposition modeling (FDM). The optimal NFC loading of 0.5 % yields the highest tensile and flexural strength, attributed to improved NFC dispersion and effective load transfer. However, higher NFC concentrations (1 % and 2 %) lead to reduced impact strength, making them less suitable for applications requiring resistance to sudden impacts. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals uniform NFC dispersion at lower loadings, contributing to strong interfacial bonding and improved mechanical properties. This study emphasizes the transformative potential of PHB/PBAT/NFC composites in additive manufacturing, presenting a sustainable pathway to innovative solutions across diverse industries, including packaging, automotive, and biomedical devices. By demonstrating the critical role of NFC optimization, the research highlights a future where enhanced performance, durability, and environmental responsibility converge, paving the way for next-generation biopolymer applications.