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Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions
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Drops Can Perpetually Bounce over a Vibrating Wettable Solid.

Lebo Molefe1,2, Tomas Fullana2, François Gallaire2

  • 1EPFL, Engineering Mechanics of Soft Interfaces (EMSI) Laboratory, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Physical Review Letters
|October 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bouncing drops on vibrating solids can hover for minutes, not seconds. This study reveals a new bound state, extending bouncing drop research beyond liquid baths for precise liquid manipulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Bouncing drops on liquid baths exhibit chaotic dynamics and quantum analog behavior due to an air film.
  • Perpetual bouncing on rigid solids remains challenging due to limitations in controlling drop motion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate and characterize perpetual bouncing of drops on a vibrating rigid solid.
  • To investigate the transition between bouncing and bound states of drops on vibrating surfaces.
  • To develop a predictive model for drop trajectories on vibrating solids.

Main Methods:

  • Vibrating an atomically smooth mica surface to study drop behavior.
  • Analyzing drop motion and transition dynamics using high-speed observation.
  • Developing a coupled linear spring model to simulate drop trajectories.

Main Results:

  • Drop hovering time on a vibrating mica surface increased from seconds to minutes.
  • Identified a transition to a bound state where drop motion is locked to the vibrating solid.
  • The second spherical harmonic mode excitation dictates the transition between bouncing and bound states.
  • A parameter-free model accurately predicts bouncing drop trajectories.

Conclusions:

  • Vibrating rigid solids can sustain drop hovering for extended periods, surpassing liquid bath limitations.
  • The study introduces a novel bound state for bouncing drops on solids.
  • Results offer potential for precise manipulation of small liquid quantities using vibrating surfaces.