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Related Concept Videos

Optimal Arousal Theory01:23

Optimal Arousal Theory

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The optimal arousal theory suggests that performance is maximized when an individual experiences a moderate level of arousal. This theory is closely tied to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which illustrates an inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal and performance. The law, formulated by psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dodson, implies an ideal arousal level for optimal performance, and deviations from this level can lead to declines in effectiveness.
Inverted U-Shaped Performance Curve
The...
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Pupil-linked arousal does not differ between 'white', 'pink' and 'brown' noises.

Mercede Erfanian1, Maria Chait2, Jian Kang3

  • 1Institute for Environmental Design & Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom; Ear Institute, University College London, London, WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom.

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
|October 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Coloured noises like white, pink, and brown noise are popular for cognitive benefits. However, this study found no evidence that these noises differentially affect pupil-linked arousal in individuals.

Keywords:
1/f slopeColoured noisePupil-linked arousalPupillometry

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Area of Science:

  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Psychophysiology

Background:

  • Coloured noises (white, pink, brown) are popularly claimed to enhance cognitive functions like memory and attention.
  • A key hypothesis suggests these effects are mediated by differential arousal levels.
  • Empirical evidence supporting these claims and the underlying mechanisms is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that coloured noises differentially affect arousal.
  • To examine the physiological impact of white, pink, and brown noise on arousal using pupillometry.

Main Methods:

  • Pupillometry was used to measure autonomic nervous system activity.
  • Thirty-one participants listened to 10-second bursts of white, pink, and brown noise.
  • Pupil diameter was recorded during noise exposure.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in pupil size were observed across the different coloured noise conditions.
  • Pupil-linked arousal did not vary based on the type of coloured noise presented.

Conclusions:

  • The study did not find evidence supporting the hypothesis that coloured noises differentially modulate arousal.
  • Findings suggest that claims of distinct arousing or calming properties of coloured noises may not be physiologically substantiated in naïve listeners.
  • Further research is needed to explore potential subtle effects or different measurement techniques.