Navigating Perioperative Treatment of Lung Cancer: Surgery Alone Versus Neoadjuvant, Adjuvant, or Both?

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer worldwide. Nonsmall cell lung cancer is the most common histologic subtype, and only 20% to 25% of patients have surgically resectable tumors at the time of diagnosis. Surgical resection is considered standard of care for locally advanced disease when seeking curative treatment. However, surgery alone is often not sufficient. The addition of systemic therapy to surgical therapy is imperative to optimize patient survival. Landmark trials, particularly those investigating immunotherapy, continue to expand existing treatment options in the management of lung cancer.