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Related Concept Videos

Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
The plant and animal cells contain two types of condensin complexes—condensin I and condensin II. Both complexes have five subunits: two SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) subunits, a kleisin subunit, and two HEAT-repeat...
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Single-Molecule Analyses of Human Cohesin Complex.

Yoshimi Kinoshita1, Tomoko Nishiyama2

  • 1Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

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|October 19, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cohesin protein complexes form higher-order chromatin structures by extruding DNA loops and translocating along DNA. Single-molecule assays reveal how cohesin builds these essential structures during interphase.

Keywords:
CohesinDNA loop extrusionNIPBL-Mau2Single-molecule imagingTranslocation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cohesin is a protein complex crucial for sister chromatid cohesion during cell division.
  • Cohesin also plays a role in organizing interphase chromatin into higher-order structures like TADs and loop domains.
  • The precise mechanisms by which cohesin forms these structures were previously unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cohesin-mediated higher-order chromatin structure formation.
  • To utilize single-molecule assays to observe cohesin's activity on DNA.
  • To reconstitute and analyze cohesin's DNA binding and translocation activities.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of single-molecule DNA loop extrusion assays.
  • Utilizing single-molecule translocation assays to track cohesin movement on DNA.
  • Employing recombinant human cohesin complex and lambda (λ) DNA for reconstituted experiments.

Main Results:

  • The DNA loop extrusion assay demonstrated cohesin's ability to compact DNA by actively extruding DNA loops.
  • The translocation assay revealed that cohesin can move along DNA molecules.
  • These assays provide direct, single-molecule resolution of cohesin's dynamic interactions with DNA.

Conclusions:

  • Single-molecule assays provide unprecedented insights into cohesin's role in chromatin organization.
  • Cohesin's DNA loop extrusion and translocation activities are key mechanisms for forming higher-order chromatin structures.
  • These findings advance our understanding of genome architecture and regulation.