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The microbiome in cancer.

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The human microbiome significantly influences cancer development, immunity, and treatment response. Understanding these microbial roles offers new strategies for cancer prevention and therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The human microbiome plays a critical role in cancer biology, affecting tumor development, immune responses, and treatment outcomes.
  • Microbial dysbiosis is linked to carcinogenesis through mechanisms like chronic inflammation, metabolic changes, and immune evasion.
  • Organ-specific microbial signatures are emerging as potential non-invasive biomarkers for cancer detection and prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the multifaceted roles of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in cancer.
  • To synthesize evidence on how microbial dysbiosis contributes to cancer development.
  • To explore the impact of the microbiome on cancer therapies and discuss microbiome-targeted strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of current scientific literature.
  • Synthesis of evidence on microbial roles in carcinogenesis and cancer immunity.
  • Analysis of the impact of intratumoral microbiota on therapeutic efficacy and resistance.

Main Results:

  • Microbial dysbiosis promotes cancer through inflammation, metabolic reprogramming, genotoxic stress, immune evasion, and epigenetic changes.
  • Organ-specific microbiome signatures show potential as biomarkers for early detection, treatment stratification, and prognosis.
  • Intratumoral microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence cancer therapy efficacy and resistance.

Conclusions:

  • The human microbiome is a key regulator in cancer biology, impacting all stages from development to treatment.
  • Microbiome-targeted strategies, including probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation, offer promising avenues for adjunctive cancer therapy.
  • Harnessing the microbiome holds transformative potential for cancer prevention and treatment, requiring further investigation.