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Updated: Jan 14, 2026
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces In Vitro
Published on: April 21, 2023
Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effect, Calcium Ion Release, and pH Change Using Herbal Combinations of
Pragna S Vijaya1, Siddaiah Shakuntala Bethur1, Prabhakara Somanna2
1Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, RajaRajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Background:
Microorganisms such as Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Enterobacteriaceae, and Candida albicans (C. albicans) are associated with persisting infections and causing endodontic failure. The addition of herbals to calcium hydroxide increases the microbial efficacy within the root canal.
Aim:
The study aimed at evaluating and comparing the pH change, calcium ions release, along with antimicrobial potential of various nanoparticle calcium hydroxide preparations as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis and C. albicans.
Methodology:
Decoronation of 40 single-rooted teeth was done, canals were enlarged, and segregated into four categories (each group containing 10 samples): Nano calcium hydroxide (CH) + sterile distilled water, nano CH + nano clove, nano CH + nano triphala, and nano CH + nano activated charcoal. The formulations were prepared, placed within the canals, and suspended in glass vials. Calcium ion concentration and pH changes were analyzed up to 30 days. The antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis and C. albicans was measured by agar diffusion test/disk diffusion test and direct contact test. To compare the zone of inhibition, absorbance values, and pH values, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was employed. Kruskal-Wallis test was employed to measure colony-forming units (CFU) between four categories.
Results:
Calcium hydroxide with distilled water group was observed with maximum sustained release of calcium ions compared with the other three herbal combinations. The maximum mean zone of inhibition against C. albicans was achieved by nano CH + clove. Nano CH + with distilled water had maximum mean zone of inhibition against E. faecalis.
Conclusion:
Herbal combinations of CH showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against C. albicans and E. faecalis and can be used in endodontic treatment.
How To Cite This Article:
Vijaya PS, Siddaiah SB, Somanna P, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effect, Calcium Ion Release, and pH Change Using Herbal Combinations of Nanoparticle Calcium Hydroxide: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(9):1103-1109.
