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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Organ-Specific Dedifferentiation and Epigenetic Remodeling in In Vivo Reprogramming.

Beom-Ki Jo1, Seung-Yeon Lee1, Hee-Ji Eom1

  • 1College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Aging Cell
|October 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In vivo reprogramming using Yamanaka factors shows promise for regenerative medicine and rejuvenation. Careful control is needed to ensure safety and clinical application for tissue repair.

Keywords:
Yamanaka factorsepigenetic reprogrammingin vivo reprogramminginjury induced reprogrammingrejuvenationtissue regenerationtransient regenerative progenitors

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • In vivo reprogramming, utilizing Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC), offers potential for regenerative medicine.
  • Concerns regarding safety and clinical applicability persist despite promising advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in in vivo reprogramming for tissue regeneration and rejuvenation.
  • To explore mechanistic parallels between injury-induced dedifferentiation and OSKM-mediated reprogramming.
  • To discuss safety considerations and mitigation strategies for clinical translation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing recent advances in in vivo reprogramming.
  • Analysis of mechanistic parallels and distinctions in dedifferentiation processes.
  • Evaluation of safety concerns and risk mitigation strategies.

Main Results:

  • In vivo reprogramming can restore regenerative capacity and promote rejuvenation across various tissues (retina, muscle, heart, liver, brain, intestine).
  • Key mechanisms include dedifferentiation, transient progenitors, and epigenetic remodeling.
  • Safety issues like teratoma formation and organ failure require precise spatiotemporal control and targeted delivery for mitigation.

Conclusions:

  • In vivo reprogramming holds transformative potential for tissue regeneration and rejuvenation.
  • Precise spatiotemporal control is crucial for safe clinical application.
  • Further research and development are needed to overcome safety challenges and enable widespread clinical use.