Beyond the apex: anatomical risk assessment to prevent extrusion injuries in endodontics

Extrusion of irrigants or obturation materials during endodontic therapy may result in significant complications, ranging from postoperative pain to nerve damage and chronic inflammation. Many of these adverse outcomes can be prevented through detailed anatomical assessment and thoughtful treatment planning. This article explores how anatomical complexities, including root apex morphology, proximity to vital structures, and apical resorption, contribute to extrusion risk.