Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Carbocations02:10

Carbocations

13.4K
Carbocations are one of the reaction intermediates formed during several nucleophilic substitutions or elimination reactions. A carbocation is an electron-deficient species with the central carbon atom having six electrons and three bonded atoms. The central carbon in a carbocation is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar geometry. It has an empty p orbital perpendicular to the plane of the structure that can accept electrons. Thus, carbocations act as strong electrophiles and may react with any...
13.4K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.0K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.0K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.9K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.9K
Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry01:07

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

4.9K
This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...
4.9K
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

30.6K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
30.6K
Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular01:33

Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

2.1K
Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an electrophilic alkene or vice versa. In such reactions, the radical and generally the alkene, which is also called the radical trap, are two different molecules. Additionally, for such intermolecular reactions to occur, the radical trap must be active, present in an excess concentration, and the radical starting material must have a weak...
2.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A saddle-shaped OBO-doped nanographene: facile synthesis, adaptive double-layer assembly, and enhanced Lewis acidity.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Cation-Directed Host-Guest Assembly and Reversible Wheel to Cluster Interconversion in a 20-Molybdate System.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Bingel-Hirsch reaction on actinidofullerene U@C2v(9)-C82: Improved regioselectivity compared to lanthanide counterpart.

The Journal of chemical physics·2025
Same author

Ligand-Mediated Proton-Coupled Electron Injection into Reactive Cores of Soluble Macroanion-Like Complexes of Titanium Dioxide.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2025
Same author

A lanthanide-carbon triple bond stabilized within a fullerene cage.

Nature chemistry·2025
Same author

Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>3</sub>@<i>C</i><sub>2<i>v</i></sub>(9)-C<sub>82</sub>: a double-butterfly tri-metal carbide cluster inside a fullerene cage.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels
07:13

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

Published on: April 16, 2017

11.2K

Zirconium Carbide Clusters Stabilized within Carbon Cages.

Yi Shen1, Laura Abella2, Yang-Rong Yao1

  • 1College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized zirconium-based endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), overcoming a 30-year challenge. This breakthrough provides new insights into EMF formation and guidelines for future fullerene chemistry.

More Related Videos

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals
08:54

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 25, 2016

8.9K
Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles
07:47

Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles

Published on: November 27, 2015

11.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 14, 2026

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels
07:13

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

Published on: April 16, 2017

11.2K
Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals
08:54

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 25, 2016

8.9K
Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles
07:47

Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles

Published on: November 27, 2015

11.3K

Area of Science:

  • Fullerene Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Zirconium-based endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) have been detected in gas phase since 1992.
  • Bulk synthesis of Zr-based EMFs has remained elusive for over three decades, hindering further research and application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve the first successful bulk synthesis of zirconium-based endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs).
  • To characterize the structure and electronic properties of newly synthesized Zr-based carbide clusterfullerenes.
  • To provide insights into EMF formation mechanisms and guide future encapsulation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Optimized synthesis strategy using zirconium carbide as the metal source.
  • Isolation and characterization of three Zr-based carbide clusterfullerenes: Zr2C2@C78, Zr2C2@C80, and Zr3C2@C80.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction for structural determination.
  • Combined experimental and theoretical studies for electronic structure analysis.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of three Zr-based carbide clusterfullerenes: Zr2C2@D3h(5)-C78, Zr2C2@Ih(7)-C80, and Zr3C2@Ih(7)-C80.
  • Structural analysis revealed a planar rhombic Zr2C2 cluster and a trifoliate Zr3C2 cluster with unique coordination modes.
  • Electronic structures were determined as (Zr2C2)6+@(C2n)6- and (Zr3C2)6+@(Ih(7)-C80)6-.

Conclusions:

  • This study presents the first successful bulk synthesis of Zr-based EMFs, resolving a long-standing challenge in fullerene chemistry.
  • The unique structures and electronic properties of these Zr-based EMFs offer new insights into arc-discharge reactions and EMF formation.
  • The findings provide a foundational guideline for encapsulating new elements into fullerene cages, paving the way for novel EMF design.