Protein production in transgenic chickens mediated through primordial germ cells and embryonic stem cells

The inherent advantages of transgenic chickens, combined with the increasing demand for therapeutic proteins, are driving significant progress in transgenic chicken bioreactors. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are two pivotal carrier cells in the production of transgenic chicken bioreactors. Transgenic chickens have successfully produced therapeutic proteins using genetically modified and transferred PGCs. Meanwhile, considerable progress has been made in expressing therapeutic proteins using exogenous gene integration mediated by ESCs. Both carrier cells facilitate the efficient process of transgenic chickens. Here, we reviewed the characteristics, current applications, comparisons, and future directions of these two carrier cells, providing theoretical foundations and practical guidance for advancing development in the fields of chicken bioreactors.