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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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TGF-β: A silent player regulating CD8 T cell memory.

Jesús Daniel Zambrano-Romero1, Diana Berenice Ríos-Ramírez1, Verónica Yutsil García-Rasilla1

  • 1Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.

Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.)
|October 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) impacts CD8 T cells, including memory cells crucial for immunity. This review explores TGF-β

Keywords:
Dominant negativeMemoryMemory precursor effectorShort-lived effectorTGF-β signalingTissue-resident

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
  • TGF-β negatively affects effector CD8 T cells.
  • TGF-β influences naïve and memory CD8 T cell populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of TGF-β in CD8 T cell subsets.
  • To emphasize TGF-β's influence on memory CD8 T cell differentiation.
  • To highlight recent findings and open questions regarding TGF-β in CD8 T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on TGF-β and CD8 T cells.
  • Synthesis of findings on TGF-β's impact across different CD8 T cell subsets.
  • Focus on memory CD8 T cell differentiation mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • TGF-β suppresses naïve CD8 T cell activation and preserves stemness.
  • TGF-β is essential for the differentiation of both tissue-resident and central memory CD8 T cells.
  • The precise mechanisms of many TGF-β effects on CD8 T cells are not fully understood.

Conclusions:

  • TGF-β plays a critical, complex role in CD8 T cell biology, particularly in memory formation.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying TGF-β's influence on memory CD8 T cells.
  • Understanding TGF-β's functions is key to harnessing CD8 T cell responses for therapeutic benefit.