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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...
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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Preparation of Parasagittal Slices for the Investigation of Dorsal-ventral Organization of the Rodent Medial Entorhinal Cortex
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Entorhinal grid-like codes for visual space during memory formation.

Luise P Graichen1, Magdalena S Linder2, Lars Keuter2,3

  • 1Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. luise.philine.graichen@univie.ac.at.

Nature Communications
|October 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human saccades show grid-like codes in the entorhinal cortex linked to memory. Lower grid-like codes during scene study unexpectedly correlate with better later recognition memory.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Eye movements, particularly saccades, are crucial for environmental information gathering and memory formation.
  • Grid cells in the entorhinal cortex are vital for spatial navigation in non-human primates, but their role in human memory is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and function of saccade-based grid-like signals in the human entorhinal cortex during memory formation.
  • To explore the relationship between these grid-like codes, eye movements, and subsequent recognition memory.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and continuous eye gaze monitoring were used in human participants studying scene images.
  • Recognition memory was assessed immediately after image study, with data analyzed for saccade-based grid-like codes in the entorhinal cortex.

Main Results:

  • Saccade-based grid-like codes were identified in the left entorhinal cortex, specifically during trials that were later remembered.
  • These grid-related effects were time-locked with neural activity in the frontal eye fields (FEF).
  • Surprisingly, lower saccade-based grid-like codes were associated with enhanced subsequent recognition memory performance.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals an entorhinal map of visual space, coordinated with oculomotor activity in the frontal eye fields.
  • Saccade-based grid-like signals in the entorhinal cortex appear to have a negative association with subsequent memory performance.
  • This suggests a complex interplay between eye movements, spatial coding, and memory consolidation in humans.