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Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers
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Phase-Transition Nanoparticles Enable Fluorescence Self-Reporting for Close-Loop Photodynamic Therapy.

Di Zhang1, Zexian Zhao1, Qiaoyang Tang1

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|October 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phase transition nanoparticles (PTNPs) offer self-regulated photodynamic therapy (PDT) by switching photosensitizer conformation. This closed-loop system enhances safety and precision by reporting functional status through fluorescence, avoiding overtreatment.

Keywords:
Aggregation‐induced emissionPhase‐change materialsPhotodynamic therapySelf‐reportingTwisted intramolecular charge transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Photochemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is limited by energy competition between fluorescence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
  • Conventional PDT protocols risk overtreatment due to fixed irradiation parameters.
  • Developing self-regulated, closed-loop PDT systems is crucial for enhanced safety and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop phase transition nanoparticles (PTNPs) for self-regulated, closed-loop PDT.
  • To enable photosensitizer conformational switching for controlled ROS generation and fluorescence reporting.
  • To circumvent energy utilization competition and overtreatment issues in PDT.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of PTNPs by co-encapsulating a twisted intramolecular charge transfer-aggregation-induced emission (TICT-AIE) photosensitizer (OTPA-DCPP) and n-docosane (C22) into lipid-PEG nanoparticles.
  • Utilizing the phase transition of C22 (Tm ≈ 44.4 °C) to alter the microenvironment polarity and photosensitizer conformation.
  • Monitoring fluorescence emission as a real-time indicator of photosensitizer status and PDT progression.

Main Results:

  • PTNPs demonstrated polarity-enhanced type I ROS generation via OTPA-DCPP's TICT-AIE properties.
  • The phase transition of C22 modulated ROS generation and restored fluorescence above its melting point.
  • Emergent fluorescence served as a self-reporting signal to cease irradiation, preventing overtreatment.

Conclusions:

  • PTNPs provide a self-regulated, closed-loop PDT system by switching photosensitizer molecular conformation.
  • This approach circumvents excited-state energy reallocation challenges, enhancing safety and precision in phototheranostics.
  • The self-reported fluorescence offers real-time monitoring, optimizing PDT efficacy and minimizing damage.