Synthesis and Biological Properties of Isatin-indole Hybrids: A Review
Gurbir Kaur1, Divya Utreja1, Shivali Sharma1
1Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
Introduction:
Isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione) and indole are versatile scaffolds with diverse pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, and analgesic effects. Isatin-indole hybrids have emerged as multifunctional agents with significant potential in drug discovery.
Methods:
A literature survey (2010-2025) across major databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ACS, etc.) included reports on synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis.
Results:
Numerous synthetic approaches, including both conventional and green methods, have yielded a diverse range of isatin-indole derivatives. Many exhibited potent antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antitubercular activities, with SAR studies highlighting the impact of substitution patterns on activity and selectivity.
Discussion:
This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of hybrid molecules in which the isatin core is covalently linked to an indole scaffold. It focuses on their synthesis, diverse biological activities and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies from 2001 onwards.
Conclusion:
This review provides a concise summary of the latest developments and future outlook for the therapeutic potential of isatin-indole hybrids in the development of potent bioactive drugs.
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