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Subsystem thermalization hypothesis in quantum spin chains with conserved charges.

Feng-Li Lin1, Jhh-Jing Hong1, Ching-Yu Huang2

  • 1National Taiwan Normal University, Department of Physics, Taipei 11677, Taiwan.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum spin chains with conserved charges exhibit thermalization for pure states, even with partial conserved charges. This study confirms the thermalization hypothesis for small subsystems, extending its universality.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Statistical mechanics
  • Condensed matter theory

Background:

  • The thermalization hypothesis explains how isolated quantum systems reach equilibrium.
  • Nonintegrable quantum spin chains with conserved charges present a complex scenario for thermalization.
  • Understanding thermalization in such systems is crucial for quantum thermodynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the thermalization hypothesis for pure states in nonintegrable quantum spin chains with conserved charges.
  • To explore the role of different thermal ensembles, including partial generalized Gibbs ensembles (p-GGEs), in quantum thermalization.
  • To numerically validate the thermalization hypothesis for both energy eigenstates and typical states.

Main Methods:

  • Consideration of various quantum spin chains (Ising, XXZ, XXX) with different symmetries.
  • Analysis of two types of pure states: energy eigenstates and time-evolved random product states.
  • Comparison of reduced states of pure states with corresponding thermal ensemble states (canonical, GGE, p-GGE).
  • Numerical study of relative entropy demographics to quantify thermalization validity.

Main Results:

  • The thermalization hypothesis holds for small subsystems in nonintegrable quantum spin chains with conserved charges.
  • Partial-GGEs provide a more general framework for quantum thermalization, treating Hamiltonian and conserved charges equally.
  • Relative entropy successfully quantifies the validity of subsystem thermalization.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the thermalization hypothesis for pure states in nonintegrable quantum spin chains, particularly for small subsystems.
  • The introduction of p-GGEs broadens the scope of quantum thermalization.
  • The findings extend the universality of quantum thermalization to more general scenarios.