Paramylon biorefinery from Euglena gracilis via recyclable aqueous two-phase system: A sustainable platform for...

Paramylon is a prospective, promising β-1,3-glucan source due to its diverse bioactive properties, sustainable production, and high yield. A green aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of Triton X-100 (TX-100) and choline bitartrate (CBT) was established to extract paramylon. The process was optimized via single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. Optimized ATPS achieved a paramylon (marked as Pa-2) yield of 75.47 ± 0.46 % (dry weight) and content of 94.36 ± 0.22 %, surpassing conventional SDS + Na₂EDTA extraction (87.61 ± 0.41 %, marked as Pa-1). Crucially, TX-100 and CBT were recycled 5 times with recovery rates of 79.31 % and 85.73 %, respectively. Structural analyses confirmed the β-1,3-glucan identity for both extracts. GPC analysis revealed that the average molecular weight mass of Pa-1 and Pa-2 were 137,700 g/mol and 171,946 g/mol, respectively. Congo red and XRD analysis studies demonstrated that Pa-2 exhibited a more complete triple helix structure and an enhanced crystal structure compared to Pa-1. The aforementioned research demonstrated that ATPS-based TX-100/CBT can be employed to extract paramylon from Euglena gracilis as a green, sustainable, and efficient method.