State-of-the-art in starch (derivatives)/MXene-based composites for emerging applications: A focused review

The synergistic integration of two-dimensional MXenes with starch matrices is propelling the advancement of next-generation technologies, as MXenes exhibit a broad specific surface area, exceptional electrical conductivity, and a wealth of surface end-groups that contribute to their impressive electronic, thermal, optical, and mechanical properties. Starch and its derivatives, known for being easily modified, biodegradable, non-toxic, and biocompatible, offer a compelling platform for designing hybrid composites with MXenes to maximize their functional capabilities. The interaction between starch (derivatives) and MXenes results in tunable mechanical strength and electrochemical properties of starch (derivatives)/MXene-based composites (SMBCs), positioning them as highly promising materials for a wide range of applications. Despite their potential, there remains a notable lack of comprehensive reviews on SMBCs. This review addresses that gap by detailing the various types of SMBCs (hydrogels, aerogels, films, and foams), and highlighting innovative preparation strategies, with a particular empHasis on their applications in sensors, electromagnetic interference shielding, energy storage, environmental remediation, biomedical engineering, food packaging, and electrochemical sensors. Finally, we outline the current challenges and propose future research directions for SMBCs, offering valuable insights and guidance for researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers in the field.