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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Nanomechanics of Drug-target Interactions and Antibacterial Resistance Detection
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Quantification of Antibiotic Diffusion in Biofilms Using Gold Nanostar Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Wafaa Aljuhani1, Yingrui Zhang1, Matthew P Wylie2

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|October 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with gold nanostars enables quantitative, label-free monitoring of antibiotic transport in biofilms. This technique reveals significantly slower antibiotic diffusion within biofilms, offering insights into bacterial resistance mechanisms.

Keywords:
SERSSusceptibilityantibioticsbiofilmdiffusion coefficient

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Spectroscopy
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Bacterial biofilms exhibit increased antibiotic resistance, partly due to limited antibiotic penetration.
  • Quantitative, label-free methods for monitoring antibiotic transport in biofilms are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the utility of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with gold nanostars for quantitative, label-free monitoring of antibiotic penetration in biofilms.
  • To measure the diffusion coefficient of levofloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized gold nanostars (NS) as SERS substrates for detecting levofloxacin (Levo) in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.
  • Performed ex situ and in situ studies to assess matrix interference and measure antibiotic penetration over time.
  • Calculated the diffusion coefficient of levofloxacin within the biofilm matrix.

Main Results:

  • SERS enabled quantitative detection of levofloxacin in biofilms at clinically relevant concentrations, despite matrix interference.
  • Monitoring SERS signals from embedded NS layers allowed measurement of Levo penetration over time.
  • The diffusion coefficient of Levo in biofilms was determined to be 2.79 ± 0.79 × 10-9 cm2 s-1, over three orders of magnitude lower than in aqueous solutions.

Conclusions:

  • SERS with gold nanostars is a powerful tool for investigating antibiotic transport in biofilms.
  • The study provides crucial insights into antibiotic diffusion limitations contributing to biofilm resistance.
  • This method supports the development of novel antimicrobial strategies targeting biofilm penetration.