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Related Concept Videos

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Production of Human Norovirus Protruding Domains in E. coli for X-ray Crystallography
10:46

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25-Hydroxycholesterol restricts human norovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids.

Verónica Costantini1, Wadzanai P Mboko2, Helen Wall2

  • 1Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Journal of Virology
|October 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) restricts human norovirus replication in intestinal cells. This cholesterol regulator boosts innate immunity and reduces viral load, offering potential for new norovirus therapies.

Keywords:
25-hydroxycholestrolhuman intestinal enteroidsnorovirus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis globally.
  • Human intestinal enteroid (HIE) systems facilitate norovirus research.
  • 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is a key regulator of cholesterol and antiviral defense.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the antiviral effects of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) on human norovirus replication.
  • To determine if 25-HC can restrict norovirus in jejunal HIE monolayers.
  • To explore the impact of 25-HC on host immune and metabolic pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Jejunal HIE monolayers were treated with varying concentrations of 25-HC.
  • Monolayers were infected with specific human norovirus genotypes (GII.1 and GII.4).
  • Viral RNA was quantified using RT-qPCR at 1 and 24 hours post-infection.

Main Results:

  • 25-HC demonstrated a dose-dependent restriction of norovirus replication across different HIE lines and genotypes.
  • Upregulation of innate immunity genes (CCL2, CCL20, ICAM1, IL23A) was observed.
  • Downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis pathways, including ACAT2, was noted.

Conclusions:

  • 25-HC exhibits significant antiviral activity against human norovirus in HIE models.
  • Modulating 25-HC pathways enhances antiviral immune responses and restricts viral replication.
  • Targeting 25-HC signaling presents a potential therapeutic strategy for norovirus infections.