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Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
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Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages
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Development of the binaural intelligibility level difference for speech-in-speech recognition.

Lori J Leibold1, Jenna Felder2, Elizabeth Benson3

  • 1Center for Hearing Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA.

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|October 21, 2025
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Summary

Binaural intelligibility level difference (BILD) for speech recognition in school-age children matures by age ten. This finding suggests that children

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Area of Science:

  • Auditory perception and speech processing in children.
  • Developmental audiology and psychoacoustics.
  • Human auditory system maturation.

Background:

  • The binaural intelligibility level difference (BILD) is crucial for understanding speech in noisy environments.
  • Maturation of auditory processing skills in children impacts speech recognition abilities.
  • Previous research established BILD for speech-in-noise, but less is known for speech-in-speech.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental trajectory of the BILD in school-age children.
  • To characterize BILD maturation in the context of speech-in-speech recognition.
  • To compare BILD development in children with adult performance.

Main Methods:

  • An adaptive, open-set sentence recognition task was employed.
  • Participants included children aged 5-17 years and adults.
  • Two binaural conditions were used: in-phase and out-of-phase presentation of target speech relative to masker speech.

Main Results:

  • BILD estimates were calculated as the difference between the two binaural conditions.
  • Auditory performance, specifically BILD, demonstrated maturation by approximately ten years of age.
  • The developmental pattern of BILD in speech-in-speech recognition aligns with findings for speech-in-noise.

Conclusions:

  • The binaural intelligibility level difference (BILD) for speech-in-speech recognition is mature by ten years of age in children.
  • This developmental milestone indicates that key binaural processing abilities for complex listening situations are established by late childhood.
  • Findings support the notion that fundamental binaural hearing mechanisms for challenging auditory scenes are largely in place by age ten.