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Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from cocoa bean shell fat: Bioprocess optimization and polymer characterization.

Florencia Ridella1, Esther Fernández1, Sonia Álvarez-García1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo, 33006, Spain.

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Summary

Cocoa bean shell fat, a low-cost byproduct, effectively produced polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) in Cupriavidus necator. The resulting bioplastic offers improved mechanical properties compared to commercial PHB.

Keywords:
Cocoa bean shell fatMechanical propertiesPHA filmsThermal properties

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Bioprocessing
  • Polymer Science
  • Sustainable Materials

Background:

  • Economical production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is crucial for their widespread adoption.
  • Residual carbon sources are being explored as cost-effective feedstocks for PHA biosynthesis.
  • Cocoa bean shell fat (CBS fat), a byproduct rich in saturated fatty acids, presents a potential low-cost carbon source.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate cocoa bean shell fat (CBS fat) as a sole carbon source for PHA production using Cupriavidus necator.
  • To optimize PHA biosynthesis by adjusting carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) and substrate-to-biomass (S/X) ratios.
  • To characterize the thermal and mechanical properties of the PHA synthesized from CBS fat.

Main Methods:

  • Biosynthesis optimization by varying C/N and S/X ratios.
  • Gas Chromatography (GC) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for polymer characterization.
  • Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for thermal analysis and mechanical testing (puncture strength, deformation).

Main Results:

  • Optimal PHA yields were achieved at C/N = 70 and S/X = 150 g fat/g CDW.
  • The synthesized PHA is a copolymer predominantly of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) with minor 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) and medium-chain-length (HAmcl) units.
  • The PHA exhibited lower crystallinity, reduced melting and glass transition temperatures, and enhanced puncture strength and deformation compared to commercial PHB.

Conclusions:

  • Cocoa bean shell fat (CBS fat) is a viable and cost-effective feedstock for PHA production.
  • The PHA derived from CBS fat possesses desirable thermal and mechanical properties, suitable for bioplastic applications.
  • This study highlights the potential of utilizing agro-industrial byproducts for sustainable biopolymer synthesis.