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Emerging Triboelectric Nanogenerators for In-Body Implantation.

Xiao Xiao1,2, Xiangchun Meng1,2, Yong Hyun Kwon1,2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.

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|October 22, 2025
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Summary

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) offer a battery-free power source for implantable medical devices (IMDs). This review explores TENGs for in-body applications, classifying them into four types to overcome operational challenges.

Keywords:
bioadhesiveimplantableon‐demand applicationsstimuli‐responsivetriboelectric nanogenerator

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Harvesting

Background:

  • Implantable medical devices (IMDs) require reliable power sources for continuous health monitoring.
  • Conventional batteries in IMDs pose risks like surgical complications and limited lifespan.
  • Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are emerging as a promising alternative energy solution for IMDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of functional implantable TENGs in biomedical applications.
  • To elucidate the fundamental mechanisms, materials, and design strategies of implantable TENGs.
  • To classify implantable TENGs and discuss their potential to address in-body operational challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on triboelectric nanogenerators for implantable medical devices.
  • Analysis of TENG mechanisms, material combinations, and design methodologies.
  • Classification of implantable TENGs based on their properties and functionalities.

Main Results:

  • TENGs offer flexible design and material compatibility for powering IMDs.
  • Four classifications of implantable TENGs are identified: stretchable, bioadhesive, biodegradable, and stimuli-responsive.
  • Challenges remain in ensuring stable TENG operation within the body's fluidic environment.

Conclusions:

  • Implantable TENGs show significant potential for next-generation IMDs, offering sustainable power.
  • Further research into material stability and device integration is crucial for clinical translation.
  • This review highlights new research avenues and opportunities in implantable TENG technology.