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Related Concept Videos

Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

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Investigating the Morphogenesis and Replacement of Lamprey Toothlets Using Synchrotron Imaging.

Madleen Grohganz1, Jake Leyhr2,3, Zerina Johanson4

  • 1Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Journal of Morphology
|October 22, 2025
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Summary

Jawless vertebrates possess tooth-like structures that offer insights into the evolution of teeth. Lamprey toothlet replacement is a conserved feature, providing a foundation for studying vertebrate tooth development.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Vertebrate paleontology

Background:

  • Teeth are crucial for jawed vertebrate evolution, with origins potentially in jawless vertebrates.
  • Lamprey and hagfish toothlets, though unmineralized, may be precursors to vertebrate teeth.
  • Previous research overlooked extant jawless vertebrates, focusing instead on extinct stem-gnathostomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize literature on cyclostome toothlet structure and development.
  • To provide new insights into lamprey toothlet replacement mechanisms using X-ray microtomography.
  • To lay the foundation for molecular studies on the evolution of teeth.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis on cyclostome toothlet morphology and development.
  • X-ray microtomography of three parasitic lamprey species.
  • Detailed morphological analysis of toothlet replacement at the tissue level.

Main Results:

  • Described the toothlet replacement mechanism in lampreys at the tissue level.
  • Uncovered a relationship between toothlet size and the number of replacement cones.
  • Confirmed the presence of replacement toothlets in all examined lamprey species, indicating a conserved feature.

Conclusions:

  • Toothlet replacement is a conserved, symplesiomorphic trait in cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfish).
  • This study provides a foundation for understanding the evolution of teeth and tooth-like structures across vertebrates.
  • Lamprey toothlet development and replacement offer insights into the evolutionary origins of vertebrate teeth.