The MIR169:NF-YA module enhances biomass and yield via ARGOS in Arabidopsis and tomato

Molecular links between miRNA: target modules regulating downstream genes for crop maturation/yield are poorly understood. Here, we report that elevated miR169d expression and concomitant reduced NF-YA2 (Nuclear Factor-Y subunit-A) target levels positively regulate vegetative growth and yield in Arabidopsis along with a shorter life cycle. In agreement, increased NF-YA2 levels in (1) NF-YA2-OE (overexpression) lines, (2) miR169d-target-mimicry lines (in which miR169d is chelated), and (3) miR169d-non-cleavable NF-YA2 resistant target lines show the opposite phenotype. Further, we find increased auxin levels in MIR169d-OE and nf-ya2 mutant lines, supporting the enrichment of 'auxin terms' in MIR169-OE transcriptome data. We show that ARGOS (auxin-regulated gene involved in organ size) is upregulated in MIR169d-OE due to reduced NF-YA2 repressor levels and that NF-YA2 directly binds the ARGOS promoter. Genetic screens of this module show that neither overexpressing miR169d in an argos mutant background nor the nf-ya2:argos double mutants rescue the argos mutant phenotype, suggesting a parallel pathway of ARGOS regulation via the MIR169:NF-YA2 node, independent of auxin. To assess the translational potential of this module in a crop, we show that Sly-MIR169-OE lines in tomato, having reduced target Sly-NF-YA10 levels, also regulate Sly-ARGOS resulting in early flowering, larger sized fruits, more fruit fresh weight, higher fruit set, early fruiting, and better shelf life than wild-type plants. In contrast, Sly-STTM169 plants inhibited for Sly-miR169 action and having increased levels of Sly-NF-YA10 have a longer life cycle with reduced biomass, decreased fruit set, and an overall reduction in yield. Thus, our findings show a conserved MIR169:NF-YA:ARGOS module which can be applied to crops for addressing future food demands.