Graphene nanomaterials: A new frontier in preventing respiratory fungal infections

Nano-graphene oxide is a promising Candidate for therapeutic applications, particularly due to its notable antifungal and antibacterial properties, which stem from the unique physicochemical characteristics of this innovative nanocarrier. Antifungal efficacy of nano-graphene oxide is increasingly attracting attention, particularly in light of the rising resistance of pathogens to conventional drug therapies. Upon exposure to graphene oxide, fungal cells generate reactive oxygen species, a key indicator of cellular oxidative stress. This mechanism accounts for the apoptotic-like cell death observed in the presence of graphene oxide. This nano-drug delivery system holds the potential to achieve therapeutic efficacy at reduced doses, minimize side effects, enable controlled drug release, prolong circulation time, reduce toxicity, and enhance the stability of the nano-formulation, particularly when administered as an inhaled dry powder. However, the factors influencing the antifungal activity of nano-graphene oxide and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This article aimed to review the anti-pathogenic properties of nano-graphene oxide, focusing on its antifungal mechanisms and its role in biofilm formation associated with pulmonary fungal infections.