Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

1.4K
Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
1.4K
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

533
Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
533
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

473
Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
473
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

822
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
822
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

924
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
924

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cardiac Postpneumonectomy Syndrome: Prevention Is Not Possible.

Annals of thoracic surgery short reports·2026
Same author

Machine learning-driven clinical decision support for liver cirrhosis: a gut microbiome-based web prediction model with explainable AI integration.

BMC gastroenterology·2026
Same author

Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis vaccination and risk for incident dementia among adults with down syndrome.

The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease·2026
Same author

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2026 Expert Consensus on the Multimodal Treatment of Pleural Mesothelioma.

The Annals of thoracic surgery·2026
Same author

The safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of the self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine GRT-R910 as a booster in healthy adults.

Vaccine·2026
Same author

Controlled human infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: practical considerations for clinical trials.

The Lancet. Microbe·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo
11:17

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Published on: August 11, 2018

12.5K

Th9 cells provide protective TB immunity.

Mei Xia1, Azra Blazevic1, Huan Ning1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CD4+ Th9 cells, previously linked to allergies, surprisingly protect against tuberculosis (TB) by inhibiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth. This discovery suggests Th9 cells could be a novel target for future TB vaccine development.

Keywords:
BCGIL-9Th9 cellsbronchoalveolar lavagemycobacterium tuberculosistranscriptomic assay

More Related Videos

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
06:32

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2016

11.0K
A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
10:10

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Published on: October 5, 2015

19.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 14, 2026

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo
11:17

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Published on: August 11, 2018

12.5K
Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
06:32

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2016

11.0K
A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
10:10

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Published on: October 5, 2015

19.4K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • CD4+ Th9 cells are known players in inflammatory and allergic diseases.
  • The role of IL-9/Th9 in regulating immune responses, particularly against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains largely unknown.
  • Th9 cells are associated with T cell responses in latent tuberculosis infection and BCG vaccination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the protective effects of Th9 cells against Mtb infection.
  • To explore the potential of Th9 cells as a target for novel tuberculosis vaccine strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Generated and characterized murine and human Th9 cells.
  • Assessed intracellular Mtb growth inhibition by Th9 cells in vitro.
  • Utilized IL-9 neutralization and IL-9 treatment to evaluate IL-9's role.
  • Adoptively transferred Th9 and Th1 cells into Mtb-infected mice.
  • Analyzed host immune responses and bacterial loads post-infection.

Main Results:

  • Both murine and human Th9 cells demonstrated significant inhibition of intracellular Mtb growth.
  • IL-9 neutralization diminished Th9 cell protective effects, while IL-9 treatment alone inhibited Mtb.
  • Adoptive transfer of Th9 cells conferred robust protection against Mtb infection, comparable to Th1 cells.
  • Th9 cells exhibited unique in vivo persistence and distinct molecular markers (IL-9, IL-10, PU.1) without IFN-γ response.

Conclusions:

  • Th9 cells provide significant protection against Mtb infection through a mechanism potentially independent of Th1-mediated immunity.
  • Th9 cells represent a promising target for developing innovative tuberculosis vaccine strategies.