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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating Immune Cell Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment — Challenges and Innovations in Cancer Prognosis
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Inflammation Markers and HCC Aggressiveness.

Brian Irving Carr1, Rossella Donghia2

  • 1Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.

Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences
|October 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Serum albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP) are key inflammatory markers for predicting Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) survival, especially in patients with portal vein thrombosis or high alpha-fetoprotein levels.

Keywords:
AlbuminCRPHALPHCCMTDPVTSurvival

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Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Area of Science:

  • Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) research
  • Inflammatory markers in oncology
  • Clinical significance of biomarkers

Background:

  • Inflammation plays a crucial role in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) development and progression.
  • The clinical utility of specific inflammatory indices in HCC management remains unclear.
  • Identifying reliable inflammatory markers is essential for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical significance of various inflammatory indices in relation to Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) progression.
  • To assess the predictive value of inflammatory markers for tumor size (Maximum Tumor Diameter - MTD), portal vein thrombosis (PVT), and patient survival.
  • To determine which inflammatory indices are most useful in clinical practice for HCC management.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), albumin levels, and the HALP (Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocytes and Platelets) score.
  • Correlation of inflammatory indices with Maximum Tumor Diameter (MTD) and presence of Portal Vein Thrombosis (PVT).
  • Application of Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier analysis to assess survival outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) increased with Maximum Tumor Diameter (MTD).
  • Lower albumin levels were associated with higher alpha-fetoprotein and increased Portal Vein Thrombosis (PVT).
  • Serum albumin demonstrated a protective effect on survival, while CRP and Glasgow index were significant predictors of mortality. Albumin was the sole significant survival predictor in patients with PVT or high alpha-fetoprotein.

Conclusions:

  • Inflammatory parameters generally worsen with increasing tumor size (MTD) in HCC.
  • Serum albumin and CRP are significant predictors of survival in the overall HCC cohort.
  • Serum albumin is the most critical inflammatory marker for predicting survival in specific HCC patient subgroups, including those with PVT or high alpha-fetoprotein.