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Challenges in the Immune System: Mesoscale and Mesoregime Complexity.

Ying Ren1,2, Ai-Guo Wu3, Yu Shi4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China.

Cancer Innovation
|October 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Understanding the human immune system requires a new approach. Mesoscience offers a paradigm to study its multilevel complexities, bridging gaps across biological scales for better disease insights.

Keywords:
immune systemmesoregimemesoscalemesoscienceresearch paradigm

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Systems Biology
  • Complexity Science

Background:

  • The human immune system presents significant challenges due to its inherent multilevel and multiscale complexities.
  • Traditional research methodologies, often reductionist or holistic, struggle to capture the full scope of immune system dynamics.
  • Complexity in the immune system emerges at intermediate scales (mesoscales) and transitional regimes (mesoregimes).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a perspective on the complexities of the human immune system.
  • To discuss how these complexities influence traditional research methodologies.
  • To propose mesoscience as a promising paradigm for studying immune system complexity and diversity.

Main Methods:

  • The paper adopts a mesoscience perspective, focusing on mesoscales and mesoregimes.
  • Mesoscales are defined as intermediate scales between element and system scales.
  • Mesoregimes are transitional regimes governed by the interplay of dominant mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Mesoscience provides a framework to bridge hierarchical levels in the immune system.
  • It offers a novel approach to address the multilevel and multiscale complexities.
  • This methodology can yield insights into immune-related diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Mesoscience is a promising paradigm for understanding the human immune system's complexity.
  • It enables bridging gaps across multiple hierarchical levels.
  • A mesoscience perspective can inform diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic strategies for immune diseases.