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Outpatient pediatric care during the COVID-19 pandemic, Almaty, Kazakhstan 2021-2022

Nailya Kozhekenova1,2,3, Milena Santric-Milicevic4,5, Zhansaya Nurgaliyeva1,3

  • 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Frontiers in Public Health
|October 22, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Young children (0-4 years) with COVID-19 faced higher hospitalization risks in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Most pediatric COVID-19 cases were mild, but early intervention is crucial for vulnerable age groups.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Primary healthcare systems adapted to manage pediatric COVID-19 cases during the pandemic.
  • Outpatient management of children with COVID-19 became crucial globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze epidemiological characteristics of 27,205 pediatric COVID-19 cases in Almaty, Kazakhstan (2021-2022).
  • To compare case dynamics with major epidemiological events and public health interventions.
  • To assess risk factors for severe COVID-19 and hospitalization in children.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional analysis of outpatient pediatric COVID-19 cases (0-17 years).
  • Evaluation of demographic factors, comorbidities, and disease severity.
  • Correlation of case surges with viral strains (Delta, Eta, Omicron) and public health measures.

Main Results:

  • 99.3% of pediatric cases were asymptomatic or mild.
  • Younger children (0-4 years) had a significantly higher risk of severe COVID-19 and hospitalization compared to adolescents (15-17 years).
  • No statistical significance found for sex or chronic conditions (diabetes, obesity, COPD).
  • COVID-19 case spikes correlated with Delta and Eta strains, with Omicron causing the highest surge.

Conclusions:

  • Younger children (under 5 years) are at increased risk for severe COVID-19 and hospitalization.
  • Age is a critical factor in predicting severe outcomes for pediatric COVID-19 patients managed in outpatient settings.
Abstract

Keywords:
COVID-19childrencoronavirus infectionepidemiologynon-pharmaceutical interventionsoutpatient

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