Blood mononuclear cells induce accelerated vascular remodeling under acute inflammation in vitro

The plasticity of blood mononuclear cells (MCs) and their role in vascular remodeling have been the focus of many studies; however, their in vitro differentiation efficiency remains poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that the inflammatory response accelerates the efficiency of MCs differentiation into endothelial-like cells through chemical cues in vitro. RT-PCR and RNA sequencing revealed that the differentiated cells exhibited upregulated pathways associated with vascular remodeling and regeneration. In contrast, MCs collected from normal blood showed a differentiation bias toward macrophages. Notably, under inflammatory conditions, primarily monocytes transitioned into the CD14++/CD16+/CD163+ subset, which contributed significantly to vascular remodeling. This transition was triggered by inflammation, as confirmed by in vitro cytokine treatment.