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Related Experiment Video

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Cyclic Polymers as Nanoscale Platforms for Enzyme Encapsulation and Transport.

Md Rakib Hasan Khan1, Zoe Armstrong2, Tyeaba Tasnim Dipti3

  • 1Biomedical Engineering Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|October 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cyclic polymers (CPs) can stabilize and encapsulate enzymes like lysozyme into nanoparticles. These biocompatible CPs show potential for controlled enzyme delivery and stabilization.

Keywords:
cyclic polymersenzyme encapsulationnanoparticlespoly(hydroxy butyrate)proteinself-assemblytransport

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Cyclic polymers (CPs) form ring structures without chain ends and can create nanostructures for encapsulating molecules.
  • While CPs encapsulate small molecules, drugs, and nucleic acids, their interaction with proteins/enzymes remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of nanoscale self-assemblies between poly(hydroxy butyrate)-based CPs and a model enzyme, lysozyme.
  • To evaluate the enzyme-stabilizing capabilities and controlled release potential of these CP-enzyme nanostructures.

Main Methods:

  • Nonsolvent-induced phase separation to promote CP-lysozyme interactions.
  • Characterization of nanoparticle properties (hydrodynamic diameter, shape, surface charge) using techniques like dynamic light scattering.
  • Assessment of enzyme conformation and activity via circular dichroism spectroscopy and ELISA.
  • Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for spatial localization of encapsulated enzyme.
  • Cytotoxicity assays on various cell lines.
  • Intracellular transport studies using fluorescently labeled lysozyme.

Main Results:

  • Poly(hydroxy butyrate)-based CPs form stable nanoscale self-assemblies with lysozyme, acting as enzyme-stabilizing platforms.
  • Nanoparticle characteristics are dependent on CP molecular weight (M_n), with larger CPs forming assemblies at lower critical association concentrations.
  • Lysozyme encapsulation preserves enzyme conformation and activity, enabling sustained release.
  • Electron paramagnetic resonance confirms spatial immobilization of lysozyme within the CP scaffold.
  • CP nanoparticles demonstrate minimal cytotoxicity and promote intracellular uptake of enzymes.

Conclusions:

  • This study reports the first instance of enzyme encapsulation within a cyclic polymer scaffold.
  • CP-based nanoparticles offer a promising platform for enzyme stabilization, controlled release, and intracellular delivery.
  • The biocompatibility and efficacy of these nanostructures highlight their potential in therapeutic and biotechnological applications.