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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
Resonance02:52

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O bonds.
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
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According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...

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Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods
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Electron beam facilitated structural evolution of nano-zincoxide.

Siyu Liu1, Rui Wang1, Xiang Cai2

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. liusiyu@sjtu.edu.cn.

Nanoscale
|October 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Electron beams can constructively modify nanomaterials like zinc oxide (ZnO). This study reveals how electron beam irradiation induces crystal reconstruction and mass transfer, offering new possibilities for material manipulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Electron Microscopy

Background:

  • In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables real-time observation of material microstructural changes.
  • Electron beam (e-beam) interactions are typically viewed as damaging, but their constructive applications are being explored.
  • Multi-phase nano-zinc oxide (ZnO) systems serve as a model for investigating e-beam effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the constructive potential of e-beam irradiation in nano-ZnO systems.
  • To investigate e-beam-induced microstructural evolution and mass transfer mechanisms.
  • To develop a model for predicting material response to e-beam exposure.

Main Methods:

  • In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for real-time observation of nano-ZnO.
  • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to analyze e-beam knock-on effects and energy barriers.
  • Development of a generic model to describe structural and crystallinity evolution.

Main Results:

  • Observed crystal reconstruction via grain rotation, surface diffusion, and gas-phase mass transfer induced by e-beam irradiation.
  • Confirmed e-beam knock-on effect as the driver of structural evolution, facilitating vacancy creation and relaxation.
  • Demonstrated e-beam-induced recrystallization through mass transfer, including anti-Ostwald ripening between unconnected particles.

Conclusions:

  • The knock-on effect of e-beams can be harnessed for constructive purposes, such as material modification and recrystallization.
  • A comprehensive model highlights the interplay between material structure and crystallinity in determining e-beam response.
  • This research offers insights into utilizing e-beams for precise nanomaterial manipulation.