People can find their true selves outside moral pursuits

Pursuing a life of moral excellence is often seen as allowing a person not only to live by good and just principles but also to live an authentic life that brings them closest to their true self. This view is taken to reflect the priority that people should place on moral pursuits or "moral primacy." The results of four preregistered studies (N = 2909) suggest that people do not always hold this view and highlight a tension within it: how can morality both constrain human behavior and afford the freedom to be one's truest self? We find that people resolve this conflict with 'value pluralism,' preferring a balance of life pursuits across several value domains, where aesthetic pursuits are viewed as affording freedom from rules and conventions. We then adapt a personal change paradigm from prior work and develop a novel paradigm to examine whether people's intuitions about the true self also reveal that a broader set of values-not just moral ones-inform judgments of the true self. We find no differences in true self judgments following the loss of an aesthetic versus moral quality. However, when directly comparing life paths, the pursuit of aesthetic excellence is sometimes viewed as offering greater access to one's true self compared with moral excellence, in part because aesthetic pursuits are seen as less rule bound. These findings offer insights into the myriad paths a person can take in life while pursuing autonomy, authenticity, and closeness to their true self.