Hidden zoonotic intestinal parasites: first epidemiological analysis in sugar gliders in Shanghai, China

Zoonotic pathogens from companion and exotic pets include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, all of which pose significant risks to public health. Among these, potential zoonotic intestinal parasites represent an important subgroup, commonly found in various animals and capable of causing diseases. Data on potential zoonotic intestinal parasites prevalence and diversity in sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) remain limited. In this research, 250 fecal samples from sugar gliders were randomly collected between June 2024 and August 2025 in Shanghai, China. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to investigate the prevalence and species identification. Phylogenetic analysis was then conducted to assess evolutionary relationships and genetic characteristics. The prevalence of Blastocystis spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. were 5.20% and 11.20%, respectively, while Acanthamoeba spp. and Giardia duodenalis tested negative. Subtyping of Blastocystis spp. revealed three zoonotic subtypes (ST4, ST8 and ST35) and one Clade I. The Cryptosporidium isolates represented four distinct species, including C. ducismarci, C. serpentis, C. varanii, and C. canis. In addition, age and sex have not been confirmed to be risk factors for infection with pathogens. This epidemiological study provides essential data to better understand the zoonotic risks posed by intestinal parasites in sugar gliders, emphasizing the importance of proper hygiene and One Health strategies to mitigate zoonotic transmission.