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Bayat-driven FOPID controller design for biogas-based microgrid with real-time validation.

T K Bashishtha1, V P Singh1, Tarun Varshney2

  • 1Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India.

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|October 22, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel Bayat-tuned fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller to enhance frequency stability in decentralized microgrids. The controller effectively mitigates instability caused by renewable energy integration and load fluctuations.

Keywords:
Bayat methodBiogas GeneratorDecentralized MicrogridFractional Order PIDFrequency ControlReal-Time Simulation

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Renewable Energy Systems
  • Control Systems

Background:

  • Growing reliance on renewable energy sources (solar, wind) introduces intermittency and challenges grid frequency stability.
  • Decentralized microgrids with diverse generation units (biogas, biodiesel) require robust control strategies to manage fluctuating loads and maintain grid integrity.
  • Traditional control methods struggle with the complex dynamics of microgrids incorporating renewable energy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and evaluate a Bayat-tuned fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller for stabilizing frequency in decentralized microgrids.
  • To model a microgrid system comprising renewable energy sources, distributed generation units, and energy storage devices.
  • To optimize FOPID controller parameters using the Bayat method for robust performance in set-point tracking and load disturbance rejection.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical modeling of microgrid components using first-order transfer functions.
  • Approximation of the composite microgrid model as a first-order plus time delay (FOPTD) system.
  • Design and optimization of three FOPID controller variants (FOPID-α, FOPID-β, FOPID-γ) using the Bayat method.
  • Simulation analysis under various scenarios, including load disturbances and renewable energy penetration.
  • Real-time validation using an OPAL-RT simulator.

Main Results:

  • The proposed Bayat-tuned FOPID controllers demonstrated effective frequency stabilization and robust performance under set-point tracking and load disturbance rejection.
  • Comparative analysis showed superior performance of FOPID-Bayat-γ, achieving the lowest error indices (IAE, ITAE, ITSE, ISE).
  • Controllers ensured controllability with minimal rise time, near-constant settling time, and reduced control effort, validated by simulations and real-time testing.

Conclusions:

  • The Bayat-tuned FOPID controller offers a highly effective and robust solution for maintaining frequency stability in decentralized microgrids with significant renewable energy integration.
  • The optimized controller variants, particularly FOPID-Bayat-γ, provide superior performance in terms of transient response and error mitigation.
  • The study underscores the practical applicability and potential of the proposed control strategy for future smart grid implementations.