Applications of extended reality in pilot flight simulator training: a systematic review with meta-analysis

The use of extended reality (XR) spectrum technologies as substitutes to augment traditional simulators in pilot flight training has received significant interest in recent times. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of XR technologies for this purpose and better understand the motivating factors for this use. The systematic review followed the QUOROM framework (adapted for educational studies), screening 1237 candidate articles to 67 eligible for thematic analysis, with 5 of these also meeting meta-analysis criteria. Existing literature emphasizes the benefits of these technologies, particularly as a result of immersiveness and spatial awareness, enabling the application of more modern educational theories. Although the existing literature is concerned with much of the industry, there is a specific focus on general aviation and the more ab initio skills of flight. The results of the meta-analysis indicate improvements in pilot performance, with an overall meta-analytic effect size estimate of 0.884 (z = 2.248, P = 0.025), which is positive, statistically significant, and moderately strong. The findings of this review indicate support for the use and intention for the use of XR in pilot flight training simulators. However, multiple serious research gaps exist, such as the potential higher occurrence of simulator sickness and cybersickness, and a lack of robust research trials that examine transfer of training across the full pilot skill set and curricular contexts. This novel systematic review and meta-analysis represent a significant attempt to shape and direct better research to help to direct flourishing technological XR development in a time of increasing pilot shortages and aviation growth.