Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

3.4K
Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
3.4K
Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

513
Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
513
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

7.5K
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...
7.5K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K
Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia01:35

Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia

3.2K
Invadosome is a broad category of cell surface structures with proteolytic activity that  degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM). Invadosomes are present in normal cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and neurons, as well as tumor cells. Although the macrophage podosomes and tumor cell invadopodia are classified as invadosomes, they have different structures, molecular pathways, and functions. Podosomes are short structures that last for a few minutes. However,...
3.2K
Diversity of Protists I01:15

Diversity of Protists I

841
Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
841

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Surveying the roles of NINJ1 in plasma membrane rupture.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2026
Same author

Architecture and function of holocentric CENP-A-independent inner kinetochores.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Direct RNA Sequencing reveals epitranscriptomic regulation of brain cells and Alzheimer's Disease pathology.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Outer membrane vesicles hijack TIM-1 for cellular uptake.

PLoS pathogens·2026
Same author

Antibody-Mediated Delivery of BRM/BRG1 Protein Degraders Affords Strong Antitumor Efficacy in Multiple BRM-Dependent Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Xenograft Models.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Phosphorylated ubiquitin is a secondary messenger and an epigenetic mark mediating mitochondria to nucleus signaling.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Keep the Hubble and James Webb Space Telescopes alive - the science is worth the price tag.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Say hello to hard helium.

Nature·2026
Same journal

How to avoid dementia - what the science really says.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Save Hubble: the race to preserve the space telescope kicks off.

Nature·2026
Same journal

How long can humans live? All evidence points to a maximum of 125 years.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Listen to Gen Z when it comes to AI in education.

Nature·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Assessment of Intestinal Transcytosis of Neonatal Escherichia coli Bacteremia Isolates
08:32

Assessment of Intestinal Transcytosis of Neonatal Escherichia coli Bacteremia Isolates

Published on: February 17, 2023

1.7K

Enteropathogenic bacteria evade ROCK-driven epithelial cell extrusion.

Giovanni Luchetti1, Marin V Miner2, Rachael M Peterson2

  • 1Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA. luchettg@gene.com.

Nature
|October 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Escherichia coli virulence factor NleL prevents intestinal epithelial cell extrusion by degrading ROCK1/2. This mechanism allows pathogens to evade host defenses, highlighting a host-pathogen arms race.

More Related Videos

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection
11:49

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

Published on: June 12, 2014

19.1K
Author Spotlight: Advancements in Understanding and Combatting Shigella Infections
04:56

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Understanding and Combatting Shigella Infections

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Assessment of Intestinal Transcytosis of Neonatal Escherichia coli Bacteremia Isolates
08:32

Assessment of Intestinal Transcytosis of Neonatal Escherichia coli Bacteremia Isolates

Published on: February 17, 2023

1.7K
Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection
11:49

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

Published on: June 12, 2014

19.1K
Author Spotlight: Advancements in Understanding and Combatting Shigella Infections
04:56

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Understanding and Combatting Shigella Infections

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.5K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Pathogens use virulence factors to evade host cell death programs like apoptosis.
  • Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) extrusion is a host defense mechanism to eliminate infected cells.
  • Pathogen mechanisms targeting cytoskeletal changes for IEC extrusion were previously unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Escherichia coli ubiquitin ligase NleL in inhibiting intestinal epithelial cell extrusion.
  • To identify the host targets of NleL involved in regulating cell extrusion.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the function of E. coli NleL in cultured IECs and mouse models.
  • Utilized genetic deletion of NleL, ROCK1, and ROCK2.
  • Analyzed inflammasome-induced IEC extrusion and bacterial colonization.

Main Results:

  • E. coli NleL inhibits IEC extrusion by targeting caspase-4, ROCK1, and ROCK2 for degradation.
  • Deletion of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in IECs reduced inflammasome-induced extrusion.
  • NleL-deficient Citrobacter rodentium showed reduced colonization due to increased IEC extrusion.

Conclusions:

  • NleL is a virulence factor that suppresses host epithelial barrier defense by inhibiting IEC extrusion.
  • ROCK1 and ROCK2 are key regulators of IEC extrusion targeted by NleL.
  • This study reveals a novel host-pathogen interaction involving the regulation of the epithelial barrier.