Impact of open markets on zoonotic threats and antimicrobial resistance: A One Health concern

Open markets play a significant role in global food distribution, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, where fresh produce, seafood, and live animals are commonly sold. However, they pose significant public health risks by facilitating the transmission of zoonotic pathogens and contributing to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). High human-animal interactions, poor hygiene, and unregulated antimicrobial use contribute to the emergence and spread of resistant microorganisms. Despite these risks, the role of open markets in the spread of zoonotic pathogens and AMR has received limited attention. Thus, this review explores the possible mechanisms by which AMR may spread in open markets, the role of microbial genetic exchanges in the emergence of new resistant strains in these settings, and the zoonotic risks associated with the live animal trade. It also discusses strategies and future directions to mitigate these issues, emphasizing the urgency of taking the required One Health actions to minimize the spread of AMR and the zoonotic infections globally. These actions should include robust surveillance, regulatory measures, public health initiatives along with advocacy and training, all crucial for protecting global health.