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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Brain Infarct Segmentation and Registration on MRI or CT for Lesion-symptom Mapping

Brain Infarct Segmentation and Registration on MRI or CT for Lesion-symptom Mapping

Published on: September 25, 2019

Association of Minimal Clinically Important Difference With Infarct Volume in Clinical Poststroke Outcomes.

Umberto Pensato^1,2,3, Johanna M Ospel⁴, Jianhai Zhang³

¹IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital Milan Italy.

Journal of the American Heart Association

|October 23, 2025

Summary

A small reduction in follow-up infarct volume (FIV) significantly increases the likelihood of excellent functional outcomes after stroke treatment. Even a 1.5 mL FIV decrease can boost recovery chances by 1% following thrombolysis.

Keywords:

cerebral infarct growth functional outcomes neuroprotection tenecteplase thrombectomy

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Radiology
Clinical Trials

Background:

Infarct volume (FIV) is a key imaging biomarker for ischemic stroke severity and treatment response.
Accurate FIV assessment correlates strongly with patient outcomes and reperfusion benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the specific follow-up infarct volume (FIV) changes associated with increased probabilities of excellent functional outcomes.
To quantify the FIV difference needed for 1%, 5%, and 10% improvements in excellent functional outcomes after thrombolysis.

Main Methods:

Utilized data from the AcT trial, including 1478 patients with 24-hour infarct volume segmentations.
Employed regression analyses to assess the association between FIV and excellent functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score 0-1).
Conducted sensitivity analyses based on imaging modality and endovascular thrombectomy use.

Main Results:

A median FIV of 2.7 mL was observed, with 35.7% of patients achieving excellent functional outcomes.
Each 1-mL increase in FIV was associated with a decreased odds of excellent outcomes (aOR 0.97).
Median FIV differences of 1.5 mL, 7.3 mL, and 14.6 mL corresponded to 1%, 5%, and 10% increases in excellent outcome probability, respectively.

Conclusions:

In acute ischemic stroke patients receiving thrombolysis, FIV reductions of approximately 1.5 mL, 7 mL, and 15 mL correlate with 1%, 5%, and 10% higher probabilities of excellent functional outcomes.
These quantitative relationships can guide the design of future stroke clinical trials focusing on FIV as a primary outcome measure.