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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

2.8K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
707
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

678
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
678
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

473
Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
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Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

215
Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Elizabeth Matthews1

  • 1Elizabeth Matthews is an NP at Northwell Health in New York City. Contact author: ematthews4@northwell.edu. The author and planners have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.

The American Journal of Nursing
|October 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a growing cardiovascular issue. This review synthesizes HFpEF pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management strategies for nurses and NPs.

Keywords:
cardiac symptomscongestive heart failurediastolic dysfunctiondyspneaheart failure treatmentpreserved systolic function

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a prevalent cardiovascular condition characterized by normal left ventricular ejection fraction (>50%).
  • HFpEF prevalence is increasing globally, accounting for about half of all heart failure cases and affecting millions, leading to reduced quality of life and increased cardiovascular risks.
  • Despite its rising burden, HFpEF diagnosis and management remain challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of HFpEF pathophysiology.
  • To outline current diagnostic standards and necessary studies for identifying HFpEF.
  • To present evidence-based treatment strategies and expert consensus for managing HFpEF.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis of current evidence and expert consensus on HFpEF.
  • Review of pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment modalities for HFpEF.
  • Focus on the roles of nurses and nurse practitioners (NPs) in HFpEF care.

Main Results:

  • HFpEF is a complex syndrome with significant impact on patient quality of life and healthcare utilization.
  • Accurate diagnosis requires understanding specific pathophysiological insights and utilizing appropriate diagnostic tools.
  • Effective management involves a multidisciplinary approach, with nurses and NPs playing key roles.

Conclusions:

  • Nurses and NPs are pivotal in the identification, education, and treatment of patients with HFpEF.
  • A thorough understanding of HFpEF pathophysiology and diagnostics is essential for effective patient care.
  • Current evidence and expert consensus guide the management of this increasingly common heart condition.